Aspirin / P2Y12 inhibitors
Antiplatelet medicines do not have a universal perioperative hold time. Management depends heavily on indication, bleeding risk, prior PCI/stent type and timing, and the consequences of interrupting dual antiplatelet therapy. In patients without prior PCI, continuation of aspirin may be reasonable when cardiac risk outweighs bleeding risk; routine initiation of aspirin solely for elective noncarotid surgery is not beneficial.